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Reprint from THE "HOW-TO-DO-IT" BOOKS

						
PRACTICAL MECHANICS FOR BOYS

							 By J. S. ZERBE, M.E.

							

						
A book which treats, in a most practical and fascinating manner all subjects pertaining to the "King of Trades"; showing the care and use of tools; drawing; designing, and the laying out of work; the principles involved in the building of various kinds of structures, and the rudiments of architecture. It contains over two hundred and fifty illustrations made especially for this work, and includes also a complete glossary of the technical terms used in the art. The most comprehensive volume on this subject ever published for boys.

						

							
Copyright, 1914, by


								THE NEW YORK BOOK COMPANY

							
Publisher's disclaimer: Content provided is dated and is for information purposes only.

						

							
				

			

		

		

			
			
		

		
I - II - III - IV - V - VI - VII - VIII - IX - X - XI - XII - XIII - XIV - XV - XVI - XVII

		
PRACTICAL MECHANICS FOR BOYS

		
CHAPTER XVI

		
HANDY TABLES



TABLE OF WEIGHTS FOR ROUND AND SQUARE STEEL.






The Estimate is on the basis of Lineal Feet. 1 cu. ft. of Steel—490 lbs.




  



  Sizes in
Inches		
  Weight in Pounds
  Sizes in
Inches		
  Weight in Pounds




  Round
  Square
  Round
  Square




      




1/16
.110
.013
1 1/16
3.014
3.400





1/8
.042
.053
1 1/8
3.379
3.838




3/16.094.1191 3/163.7664.303




1/4.167.2121 1/44.1734.795




5/16.261.3331 5/164.6005.312




3/8.375.4781 3/85.0495.857




7/16.511.6511 7/165.5186.428




1/2.667.8501 1/26.0087.650




9/16.8451.0261 9/166.5207.650




5/81.0431.3281 5/87.0518.301




11/161.2621.6081 11/167.6048.978




3/41.5021.9131 3/48.17810.410




13/161.7732.2451 13/168.77311.170




7/82.0442.6031 7/89.38811.950




15/162.3472.9891 15/1610.02012.760




12.6703.400210.68013.600




      














WEIGHT OF FLAT STEEL BARS.






  Thickness
in
Inches		
  Width




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 




1/16
.212
.265
.32
.372
.425
.477
.53
.588
.63




1/8
.425
.53
.64
.745
.85
.955
1.06
1.17
1.27




3/16
.638
.797
.957
1.11
1.28
1.44
1.59
1.75
1.91




1/4
.85
1.06
1.28
1.49
1.70
1.91
2.12
2.34
2.55




5/16
1.06
1.33
1.59
1.86
2.12
2.39
2.65
2.92
3.19




3/8
1.28
1.59
1.92
2.23
2.55
2.87
3.19
3.51
3.83




7/16
1.49
1.85
2.23
2.60
2.98
3.35
3.72
4.09
4.46




1/2
1.70
2.12
2.55
2.98
3.40
3.83
4.25
4.67
5.10




9/16
1.92
2.39
2.87
3.35
3.83
4.30
4.78
5.26
5.74




5/8
2.12
2.65
3.19
3.72
4.25
4.78
5.31
5.84
6.38




11/16
2.34
2.92
3.51
4.09
4.67
5.26
5.84
6.43
7.02




3/4
2.55
3.19
3.83
4.47
5.10
5.75
6.38
7.02
7.65




13/16
2.76
3.45
4.14
4.48
5.53
6.21
6.90
7.60
8.29




7/8
2.98
3.72
4.47
5.20
5.95
6.69
7.44
8.18
8.93




15/16
3.19
3.99
4.78
5.58
6.38
7.18
7.97
8.77
9.57




1
3.40
4.25
5.10
5.95
6.80
7.65
8.50
9.35
10.20




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 









 



AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT.





For Merchandise of all kinds.



   



16
Drams (dr.) make
1 Ounce (oz.)




16
Ounces make
1 Pound (pd.)




25
Pounds make
1 Quarter (qr.)




4
Quarters, or 100 lbs., make
1 Hundredweight (cwt.)




20
Hundredweights make
1 Ton (T.)




2,240
Pounds make
 1 Long ton (L. T.)









TROY WEIGHT.





For Gold, Silver, and Precious Metals.



   



24
Grains (gr.) make
1 Pennyweight (pwt.)




20
Pennyweights make
1 Ounce (oz.)




12
Ounces make
1 Pound (pd.)










APOTHECARIES WEIGHT.




For Drugs, Medicals and Chemicals.



   



20
Grains (gr.) make
1 Scruple (sc.)




3
Scruples make
1 Dram (dr.)




8
Drams make
1 Pound (pd.)




12
Ounces make
1 Pound (pd.)












LINEAR MEASURE.




For Surveyors' Use.



   



12
Inches make
1 Foot




3
Feet make
1 Yard




 5 1/2
Yards make
1 Rod




40
Rods make
1 Furlong




8
Furlongs make
1 Mile









LONG MEASURE.





   



12
Inches make
1 Foot




3
Feet make
1 Yard




6
Feet make
1 Fathom




5 1/2
Yards make
1 Rod or pole




40
Poles make
1 Furlong




8
Furlongs make
1 Mile




3
Miles make
1 League




69 1/2
Leagues make
1 Degree









SQUARE MEASURE.





   



144
square inches make
1 square foot




9
square feet make
1 square yard




30 1/2
square yards make
1 square pole




40
square poles make
1 square rod




4
square rods make
1 acre




640
square acres make
1 acre mile




9
square feet make
1 square yard












SOLID OR CUBIC MEASURE.





   



1,728
Cubic inches make
1 Cubic foot




27
Cubic feet make
1 Cubic yard




128
Cubic feet make
1 Cord of wood




24 3/4
Cubic feet make
1 Perch of stone









DRY MEASURE.






   



2
Pints make
1 Quart (qt.)




8
Quarts make
1 peck (pk.)




4
Pecks make
1 Bushel (bu.)




36
Bushels make
1 Chaldron (ch.)









LIQUID MEASURE.






   



4
Gills (g.) make
1 Pint (pt.)




4
Quarts make
1 Gallon (gal.)




31 1/2
Gallons make
1 Barrel (bbl.)




2
Bbls., or 63 gals., make
1 Hogshead (hhd.)









PAPER MEASURE.






   



24
Sheets (sh.) make
1 Quire (qu.)




20
Quires make
1 Ream (r.)




10
Reams make
1 Bale (ba.) or bundle.












TABLE OF TEMPERATURES.






   



Greatest artificial cold
220    
degrees
below
Fahr.




     “   natural      “   
39    
“
“
“




Mercury freezes
73.7  
“
“
“




Mixture of snow and salt
4     
“
“
“




Greatest density of water at
39.2  
“
above
“




Blood Heat
97.9  
“
“
“




Alcohol boils
172.4  
“
“
“




Water boils
212     
“
“
“




Mercury boils
662     
“
“
“




Sulphur boils
824     
“
“
“




Silver melts
1,749     
“
“
“




Cast iron melts
2,786     
“
“
“









STRENGTH OF VARIOUS METALS.



The tests are made by using a cubic inch of the metal and compressing it,
and by trying to draw apart a square inch of metal. Indicated in pounds









  



   
  Tension
  Compression




 
 
 




Aluminum15,00012,000




Brass, cast24,00030,000




Bronze, gun metal
32,000
20,000




    “    manganese
60,000
120,000




    “    phosphor
50,000
. . . . . .




Copper, cast
24,000
40,000




    “    wire annealed
36,000
. . . . . .




    “    unannealed
60,000
. . . . . .




Iron, cast
15,000
. . . . . .




    “    “    annealed
60,000
80,000




    “    “    unannealed
80,000
. . . . . .




    “    wrought
48,000
46,000




Lead, cast
2,000
. . . . . .




Steel castings
70,000
70,000




    “    plow
270,000
. . . . . .




    “    structural
60,000
60,000




    “    wire annealed
80,000
. . . . . .




    “    crucible
180,000
. . . . . .




Tin
3,800
6,000




 
 
 











FREEZING MIXTURES





  



  Mixtures
  Temperature Changes in
Degrees Fahrenheit		




  From
  To




  
 




Common salt, 1 part; snow, 3 parts32
zero .0




Common salt, 1 part; snow 1 part32
- .4




Calcium chloride, 3 parts; snow 1 part32
-27




Calcium chloride, 2 parts; snow 1 part32
-44




Sal ammoniac, 5 parts; salt-peter 5 parts; water 16 parts50
-10




Sal ammoniac, 1 parts; salt-peter 1 part; water 1 part46
-11




Ammonium nitrate, 1 part; water 1 part50
- 3




Potassium hydrate, 4 parts; snow 3 parts32
-35




  
 









IGNITION TEMPERATURES.





   



Phosphorus
120
degrees
Fahrenheit




Bi-sulphide of carbon
300
“
“




Gun-cotton
430
“
“




Nitro-glycerine
490
“
“




Phosphorus, amorphous
500
“
“




Rifle powder
550
“
“




Charcoal
660
“
“




Dry pine wood
800
“
“




Oak
900
“
“












POWER AND HEAT EQUIVALENTS.



In studying matters pertaining to power and heat, certain terms are used,
such as horsepower, horsepower-hours, watts, watt-hours, kilowatt,
kilowatt-hours, foot-pounds, joule, and B. T. U. (British Thermal Unit).



The following tables give a comprehensive idea of the values of the
different terms:






  



  1 Horsepower-hour
  = 0.746 kilowatt-hour = 1,980,000 foot-pounds of water evaporated at
212 degrees Fahrenheit, raised from 62 degrees to 212 degrees.




  1 Kilowatt-hour
  = 1,000 watt-hours = 1.34 horse-power-hours
= 2,653,200 foot-pounds = 3,600,000 joules = 3,420 B. T. U. = 3.54 pounds of water
evaporated at 212 degrees = 22.8 pounds of water raised from 62 to 212 degrees.





  1 Horsepower
  = 746 watts = 0.746 kilowatts.= 33,000 foot-pounds
per second = 2,550 B. T. U. per min. = 0.71 B. T. U. per second = 2.64 pounds of
water evaporated per hour at 212 degrees.





  1 Kilowatt
  = 1,000 watts = 1.34 horsepower = 2,653,200 foot-pounds per hour = 44,220 foot-pounds
per min. = 737 foot-pounds per second = 3,420 B. T. U. per hour = 57 B. T. U. per min. =
0.95 B. T. U. per second = 3.54 pounds of water
p. 187
evaporated per hour at 212.



  1 Watt
  = 1 joule per second = 0.00134 horse-power = 0.001 kilowatt = 342 B. T. U. per hour =
44.22 foot-pounds per min. = 0.74 foot-pounds per second = 0.0035 pounds of water evaporated per hour at 212 degrees.





  1 B. T. U. (British Thermal Unit)
  = 1,052 watt-seconds = 778
foot-pounds = 0.252 calorie = 0.000292 kilowatt-hours = 0.000391 horsepower-hour = 0.00104 pounds of water evaporated at 212
degrees.





  1 Foot-pound
  = 1.36 joule = 0.000000377 kilowatt-hour = 0.00129 B. T. U. = 0.0000005 horsepower-hour.





  1 Joule
  = 1 watt-second = 0.000000278 kilowatt-hour = 0.00095 B. T. U. = 0.74 foot-pounds.






			
To Chapter XVII - Inventions and Patents, and Information About the Rights and Duties of Inventors and Workmen

			
To Table of Contents and Glossary

		





		

		

			
			
		

		

			

				
					

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