CHAPTER XVI
of
PRACTICAL MECHANICS FOR BOYS
By J. S. ZERBE, M.E.
A book which treats, in a most practical and fascinating manner all subjects pertaining to the "King of Trades".
Showing the care and use of tools; drawing; designing, and
the laying out of work; the principles involved in the building of
various kinds of structures, and the rudiments of architecture.
It contains over two hundred and fifty illustrations made
especially for this work, and includes also a complete glossary of the
technical terms used in the art. The most comprehensive volume on this
subject ever published for boys.
Copyright, 1914, by
THE NEW YORK BOOK COMPANY |
PRACTICAL MECHANICS FOR BOYS
CHAPTER XVI
HANDY TABLES
TABLE OF WEIGHTS FOR ROUND AND SQUARE STEEL.
The Estimate is on the basis of Lineal Feet. 1 cu. ft. of Steel490 lbs.
Sizes in
Inches |
Weight in Pounds |
Sizes in
Inches |
Weight in Pounds |
| Round |
Square |
Round |
Square |
| | | | | | |
| 1/16 |
.110 |
.013 |
1 1/16 |
3.014 |
3.400 |
| 1/8 |
.042 |
.053 |
1 1/8 |
3.379 |
3.838 |
| 3/16 | .094 | .119 | 1 3/16 | 3.766 | 4.303 |
| 1/4 | .167 | .212 | 1 1/4 | 4.173 | 4.795 |
| 5/16 | .261 | .333 | 1 5/16 | 4.600 | 5.312 |
| 3/8 | .375 | .478 | 1 3/8 | 5.049 | 5.857 |
| 7/16 | .511 | .651 | 1 7/16 | 5.518 | 6.428 |
| 1/2 | .667 | .850 | 1 1/2 | 6.008 | 7.650 |
| 9/16 | .845 | 1.026 | 1 9/16 | 6.520 | 7.650 |
| 5/8 | 1.043 | 1.328 | 1 5/8 | 7.051 | 8.301 |
| 11/16 | 1.262 | 1.608 | 1 11/16 | 7.604 | 8.978 |
| 3/4 | 1.502 | 1.913 | 1 3/4 | 8.178 | 10.410 |
| 13/16 | 1.773 | 2.245 | 1 13/16 | 8.773 | 11.170 |
| 7/8 | 2.044 | 2.603 | 1 7/8 | 9.388 | 11.950 |
| 15/16 | 2.347 | 2.989 | 1 15/16 | 10.020 | 12.760 |
| 1 | 2.670 | 3.400 | 2 | 10.680 | 13.600 |
| | | | | | |
WEIGHT OF FLAT STEEL BARS.
Thickness
in
Inches |
Width |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1/16 |
.212 |
.265 |
.32 |
.372 |
.425 |
.477 |
.53 |
.588 |
.63 |
| 1/8 |
.425 |
.53 |
.64 |
.745 |
.85 |
.955 |
1.06 |
1.17 |
1.27 |
| 3/16 |
.638 |
.797 |
.957 |
1.11 |
1.28 |
1.44 |
1.59 |
1.75 |
1.91 |
| 1/4 |
.85 |
1.06 |
1.28 |
1.49 |
1.70 |
1.91 |
2.12 |
2.34 |
2.55 |
| 5/16 |
1.06 |
1.33 |
1.59 |
1.86 |
2.12 |
2.39 |
2.65 |
2.92 |
3.19 |
| 3/8 |
1.28 |
1.59 |
1.92 |
2.23 |
2.55 |
2.87 |
3.19 |
3.51 |
3.83 |
| 7/16 |
1.49 |
1.85 |
2.23 |
2.60 |
2.98 |
3.35 |
3.72 |
4.09 |
4.46 |
| 1/2 |
1.70 |
2.12 |
2.55 |
2.98 |
3.40 |
3.83 |
4.25 |
4.67 |
5.10 |
| 9/16 |
1.92 |
2.39 |
2.87 |
3.35 |
3.83 |
4.30 |
4.78 |
5.26 |
5.74 |
| 5/8 |
2.12 |
2.65 |
3.19 |
3.72 |
4.25 |
4.78 |
5.31 |
5.84 |
6.38 |
| 11/16 |
2.34 |
2.92 |
3.51 |
4.09 |
4.67 |
5.26 |
5.84 |
6.43 |
7.02 |
| 3/4 |
2.55 |
3.19 |
3.83 |
4.47 |
5.10 |
5.75 |
6.38 |
7.02 |
7.65 |
| 13/16 |
2.76 |
3.45 |
4.14 |
4.48 |
5.53 |
6.21 |
6.90 |
7.60 |
8.29 |
| 7/8 |
2.98 |
3.72 |
4.47 |
5.20 |
5.95 |
6.69 |
7.44 |
8.18 |
8.93 |
| 15/16 |
3.19 |
3.99 |
4.78 |
5.58 |
6.38 |
7.18 |
7.97 |
8.77 |
9.57 |
| 1 |
3.40 |
4.25 |
5.10 |
5.95 |
6.80 |
7.65 |
8.50 |
9.35 |
10.20 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT.
For Merchandise of all kinds.
| 16 |
Drams (dr.) make |
1 Ounce (oz.) |
| 16 |
Ounces make |
1 Pound (pd.) |
| 25 |
Pounds make |
1 Quarter (qr.) |
| 4 |
Quarters, or 100 lbs., make |
1 Hundredweight (cwt.) |
| 20 |
Hundredweights make |
1 Ton (T.) |
| 2,240 |
Pounds make |
1 Long ton (L. T.) |
TROY WEIGHT.
For Gold, Silver, and Precious Metals.
| 24 |
Grains (gr.) make |
1 Pennyweight (pwt.) |
| 20 |
Pennyweights make |
1 Ounce (oz.) |
| 12 |
Ounces make |
1 Pound (pd.) |
APOTHECARIES WEIGHT.
For Drugs, Medicals and Chemicals.
| 20 |
Grains (gr.) make |
1 Scruple (sc.) |
| 3 |
Scruples make |
1 Dram (dr.) |
| 8 |
Drams make |
1 Pound (pd.) |
| 12 |
Ounces make |
1 Pound (pd.) |
LINEAR MEASURE.
For Surveyors' Use.
| 12 |
Inches make |
1 Foot |
| 3 |
Feet make |
1 Yard |
| 5 1/2 |
Yards make |
1 Rod |
| 40 |
Rods make |
1 Furlong |
| 8 |
Furlongs make |
1 Mile |
LONG MEASURE.
| 12 |
Inches make |
1 Foot |
| 3 |
Feet make |
1 Yard |
| 6 |
Feet make |
1 Fathom |
| 5 1/2 |
Yards make |
1 Rod or pole |
| 40 |
Poles make |
1 Furlong |
| 8 |
Furlongs make |
1 Mile |
| 3 |
Miles make |
1 League |
| 69 1/2 |
Leagues make |
1 Degree |
SQUARE MEASURE.
| 144 |
square inches make |
1 square foot |
| 9 |
square feet make |
1 square yard |
| 30 1/2 |
square yards make |
1 square pole |
| 40 |
square poles make |
1 square rod |
| 4 |
square rods make |
1 acre |
| 640 |
square acres make |
1 acre mile |
| 9 |
square feet make |
1 square yard |
SOLID OR CUBIC MEASURE.
| 1,728 |
Cubic inches make |
1 Cubic foot |
| 27 |
Cubic feet make |
1 Cubic yard |
| 128 |
Cubic feet make |
1 Cord of wood |
| 24 3/4 |
Cubic feet make |
1 Perch of stone |
DRY MEASURE.
| 2 |
Pints make |
1 Quart (qt.) |
| 8 |
Quarts make |
1 peck (pk.) |
| 4 |
Pecks make |
1 Bushel (bu.) |
| 36 |
Bushels make |
1 Chaldron (ch.) |
LIQUID MEASURE.
| 4 |
Gills (g.) make |
1 Pint (pt.) |
| 4 |
Quarts make |
1 Gallon (gal.) |
| 31 1/2 |
Gallons make |
1 Barrel (bbl.) |
| 2 |
Bbls., or 63 gals., make |
1 Hogshead (hhd.) |
PAPER MEASURE.
| 24 |
Sheets (sh.) make |
1 Quire (qu.) |
| 20 |
Quires make |
1 Ream (r.) |
| 10 |
Reams make |
1 Bale (ba.) or bundle. |
TABLE OF TEMPERATURES.
| Greatest artificial cold |
220 |
degrees |
below |
Fahr. |
| natural |
39 |
|
|
|
| Mercury freezes |
73.7 |
|
|
|
| Mixture of snow and salt |
4 |
|
|
|
| Greatest density of water at |
39.2 |
|
above |
|
| Blood Heat |
97.9 |
|
|
|
| Alcohol boils |
172.4 |
|
|
|
| Water boils |
212 |
|
|
|
| Mercury boils |
662 |
|
|
|
| Sulphur boils |
824 |
|
|
|
| Silver melts |
1,749 |
|
|
|
| Cast iron melts |
2,786 |
|
|
|
STRENGTH OF VARIOUS METALS.
The tests are made by using a cubic inch of the metal and compressing it,
and by trying to draw apart a square inch of metal. Indicated in pounds
| |
Tension |
Compression |
| |
|
|
| Aluminum | 15,000 | 12,000 |
| Brass, cast | 24,000 | 30,000 |
| Bronze, gun metal |
32,000 |
20,000 |
| manganese |
60,000 |
120,000 |
| phosphor |
50,000 |
. . . . . . |
| Copper, cast |
24,000 |
40,000 |
| wire annealed |
36,000 |
. . . . . . |
| unannealed |
60,000 |
. . . . . . |
| Iron, cast |
15,000 |
. . . . . . |
| annealed |
60,000 |
80,000 |
| unannealed |
80,000 |
. . . . . . |
| wrought |
48,000 |
46,000 |
| Lead, cast |
2,000 |
. . . . . . |
| Steel castings |
70,000 |
70,000 |
| plow |
270,000 |
. . . . . . |
| structural |
60,000 |
60,000 |
| wire annealed |
80,000 |
. . . . . . |
| crucible |
180,000 |
. . . . . . |
| Tin |
3,800 |
6,000 |
| |
|
|
FREEZING MIXTURES
| Mixtures |
Temperature Changes in
Degrees Fahrenheit |
| From |
To |
| | |
|
| Common salt, 1 part; snow, 3 parts | 32 |
zero .0 |
| Common salt, 1 part; snow 1 part | 32 |
- .4 |
| Calcium chloride, 3 parts; snow 1 part | 32 |
-27 |
| Calcium chloride, 2 parts; snow 1 part | 32 |
-44 |
| Sal ammoniac, 5 parts; salt-peter 5 parts; water 16 parts | 50 |
-10 |
| Sal ammoniac, 1 parts; salt-peter 1 part; water 1 part | 46 |
-11 |
| Ammonium nitrate, 1 part; water 1 part | 50 |
- 3 |
| Potassium hydrate, 4 parts; snow 3 parts | 32 |
-35 |
| | |
|
IGNITION TEMPERATURES.
| Phosphorus |
120 |
degrees |
Fahrenheit |
| Bi-sulphide of carbon |
300 |
|
|
| Gun-cotton |
430 |
|
|
| Nitro-glycerine |
490 |
|
|
| Phosphorus, amorphous |
500 |
|
|
| Rifle powder |
550 |
|
|
| Charcoal |
660 |
|
|
| Dry pine wood |
800 |
|
|
| Oak |
900 |
|
|
POWER AND HEAT EQUIVALENTS.
In studying matters pertaining to power and heat, certain terms are used,
such as horsepower, horsepower-hours, watts, watt-hours, kilowatt,
kilowatt-hours, foot-pounds, joule, and B. T. U. (British Thermal Unit).
The following tables give a comprehensive idea of the values of the
different terms:
| 1 Horsepower-hour |
= 0.746 kilowatt-hour = 1,980,000 foot-pounds of water evaporated at
212 degrees Fahrenheit, raised from 62 degrees to 212 degrees. |
| 1 Kilowatt-hour |
= 1,000 watt-hours = 1.34 horse-power-hours
= 2,653,200 foot-pounds = 3,600,000 joules = 3,420 B. T. U. = 3.54 pounds of water
evaporated at 212 degrees = 22.8 pounds of water raised from 62 to 212 degrees.
|
| 1 Horsepower |
= 746 watts = 0.746 kilowatts.= 33,000 foot-pounds
per second = 2,550 B. T. U. per min. = 0.71 B. T. U. per second = 2.64 pounds of
water evaporated per hour at 212 degrees.
|
| 1 Kilowatt |
= 1,000 watts = 1.34 horsepower = 2,653,200 foot-pounds per hour = 44,220 foot-pounds
per min. = 737 foot-pounds per second = 3,420 B. T. U. per hour = 57 B. T. U. per min. =
0.95 B. T. U. per second = 3.54 pounds of water
p. 187
evaporated per hour at 212.
|
| 1 Watt |
= 1 joule per second = 0.00134 horse-power = 0.001 kilowatt = 342 B. T. U. per hour =
44.22 foot-pounds per min. = 0.74 foot-pounds per second = 0.0035 pounds of water evaporated per hour at 212 degrees.
|
| 1 B. T. U. (British Thermal Unit) |
= 1,052 watt-seconds = 778
foot-pounds = 0.252 calorie = 0.000292 kilowatt-hours = 0.000391 horsepower-hour = 0.00104 pounds of water evaporated at 212
degrees.
|
| 1 Foot-pound |
= 1.36 joule = 0.000000377 kilowatt-hour = 0.00129 B. T. U. = 0.0000005 horsepower-hour.
|
| 1 Joule |
= 1 watt-second = 0.000000278 kilowatt-hour = 0.00095 B. T. U. = 0.74 foot-pounds.
|
To Chapter XVII - Inventions and Patents, and Information About the Rights and Duties of Inventors and Workmen
To Table of Contents and Glossary
